Gaofeng 260 Introduction to Heishi

Starting with Hegelian philosophy, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (German: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, often abbreviated as G.W.F. Hegel); August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher.

He lived for 61 years, which is not considered long according to today's life expectancy, but he is one of the greatest philosophers in Western history and one of the most important German classical philosophers. He is also almost incomparable in the history of philosophy.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel lived slightly later than Kant and was one of the representative figures of German idealist philosophy in the 19th century. Hegel was born in Stuttgart, the capital of Baden-W ü rttemberg in southwestern Germany today; He was the president of the University of Berlin (now Humboldt University of Berlin).

Many people believe that Hegel's ideas marked the peak of the German idealist philosophical movement in the 19th century, and had a profound impact on later philosophical schools such as existentialism and Marx's historical materialism. He had the opportunity to become a culmination.

Moreover, due to Hegel's political ideology combining the essence of liberalism and conservatism, his philosophy undoubtedly provides a new way out for liberalism for those who see its powerlessness in recognizing individual needs and reflecting basic human values, and for those who feel that liberalism is facing challenges.

There are not many people like this in China. In the history of the West after Hegel, there has not been a single person at such a historical juncture who can further integrate the entire Western academic philosophy

In fact, there are only two people in China. One is Confucius, and the other is Mencius. This is the way to evaluate him. So, he is a culmination, and there will be no more after that, of course, it depends on the historical node you are in and your personal talent.

Hegel was a rare philosopher, born on August 27, 1770, in Stuttgart, the capital of the Duchy of W ü rttemberg in Germany, to a family of civil servants.

The impression of Hegel during his student days is somewhat mediocre, with nothing particularly special except for his love for Greek tragedy. It is not a graduate of the philosophy department, he is from a seminary. On his graduation diploma from the seminary, he said that he has a good personality and rich knowledge of theology and Chinese language, which means that he has a similar understanding of classical language, but his mastery of philosophy is not sufficient. This is a comment on a future great philosopher.

There may be two types of people in the world, one is particularly premature intelligence, and the other is late bloomers.

Because Kant only wrote his most important work when he was almost 36 years old. Gadamer's "Truth and Method" was published at the age of 60, before which there were no significant works. So, philosophers in the world often have two extremes, Hegel takes a considerable amount of time to mature in his thinking.

After leaving university, he was not very successful. From 1793 to 1796, he worked as a governess in a noble family in Bern, Switzerland, and from late 1797 to 1800, he worked as a governess in a noble family in Frankfurt.

However, although his personal life has not been very smooth in recent years, it was an important period in his philosophical development, because we now have Hegel's early theological works published in the Commercial Press, which were written during that period.

Although Hegel later became a philosopher rather than a theologian, some believe that his philosophy has always been theology in a sense, because his subject, absolute or in religious terms, is the relationship between God and the finite and infinite. In 1801, with the help of Schelling, Hegel obtained a job as an unpaid lecturer at the University of Jena and published his first philosophical work, "On the Differences between Fichte and Schelling's Philosophical Systems".

This work is actually very important. Today we believe that Hegel's philosophical path begins here. However, on the surface, it seems that Hegel's philosophical intention and purpose are to become Schelling's student, even though Schelling is younger than him.

However, we cannot just look at books. In that book, he tried his best to defend Schelling's views against Fichte. However, his lectures at the University of Jena showed that he had already taken his own independent stance, but he was only speaking his own words in class.

It was not manifested in words, just like Black Heidegger, who had fundamental differences with his teacher Husserl from the beginning. However, it was only manifested in the classroom at the beginning, and it was not until the publication of "The Time of Being" that his fundamental differences with his teacher were revealed in words. That does not mean that he did not publish words, which means he did not have his own ideas. It is not like that.

However, when Hegel was writing about spiritual phenomena, his academic career was still not smooth. Why?

Due to the invasion of Napoleon's army, the University of Jena was temporarily closed and he had nothing to do, so he had to leave the University of Jena.

From 1807 to 1808, he went to a very beautiful small town in Bavaria in southern Germany to compile newspapers, and later was appointed as the principal of a high school in Nuremberg. I served as the principal of this high school for eight years at once, until 1816. However, Hegel did not give up his philosophical thinking, and his logic was written during the Nuremberg period.

In October 1806, while teaching at the University of Jena, Hegel completed the initial draft of his first work, "Phenomenology of Spirit". However, Napoleon's army immediately captured the city of Jena, forcing Hegel to leave and come to Banburg. Therefore, the publication of "Phenomenology of Spirit" was in 1807, during his brief period as editor of the Banquot newspaper.

He mentioned the dialectical relationship between master and slave in his monumental work "The Phenomenology of Spiri" in 1807. In this book, Hegel points out that masters who own slaves will eventually lose their humanity. Although he was unaware of the existence of robots at that time, he also depicted the world in his eyes and the relationship between humans and robots.

Starting from 1808, Hegel served as the principal of the Nuremberg Protestant Gymnasium (1808-1816) and a professor at the Philosophy Department of Heidelberg University (1816-1818). Finally, in 1818, he applied to the Philosophy Department of the then Prussian Capital University - Berlin University (now known as the "Humboldt University of Berlin") and took over Fichte's teaching position.

However, sometimes people are like this. By 1816, he was in a state of flux and suddenly received invitations from three different universities to hire him as a philosophy professor. He initially accepted Heidelberg's invitation, and although his influence on students was not yet significant, his reputation as a philosopher was steadily increasing.

Why doesn't he have a significant impact on students? Mainly, his ideas are too profound, and Hegel's oral expression ability is very poor. It is said that he stutters a bit when speaking, unlike Kant, whose books may seem obscure. However, Kant said he intentionally tested the patience of readers in his friend's letter. Hegel also said that what I am talking about cannot be expressed in any other way.

In fact, Kant's eloquence is excellent, absolutely top-notch. Just like Heidegger, many years later his students would still recall attending their courses, which was a pleasure. He talks endlessly, but Hegel is not very good at expressing himself. Although he writes very well in writing, his oral expression is not good. Later, he became famous, and even though he didn't speak well, many students still sat down to listen.

In 1808, Hegel received another invitation from the University of Berlin and worked there until his death. In Berlin, his reputation far surpassed that of Schelling, becoming a phenomenon in Germany. Throughout Europe, he was regarded as a representative philosopher of countries like the German Proust.

If we want to talk about German philosophy, it must be Hegel. Although his eloquence is not good, classes are always overcrowded. This is different. What classes are popular now is to talk about love and also about sexual life. Our school is no exception, and so is Huashi University. It is said that the windows are crowded with people because we are now in an emotional era.

Hegel is really amazing, abstract things are poorly expressed, and he actually has many people. In one sentence, people are different, and we are interested in emotional things. Which teacher said, 'Let me tell you what love is all about,' my ears perked up. Which teacher told you that I can tell you what rationality is, and basically no one is listening anymore.

His influence is mainly rewarding for the students, as they know that the teacher is pure and intellectually pure. The students admire you very much. Don't talk to me about this and that during class. Sometimes you talk about the storms in the South China Sea, and sometimes you talk about the Diaoyu Islands. He talks about existence, non existence, and absolute limitation. On the other hand, his dialectics can grasp a wide range of meanings. He has outstanding grasping ability and sharp dialectical methods in philosophy, history, religion, art, and almost all fields of human spirit.

Under his guidance, the intrinsic nature and processes of reality, including human consciousness, spiritual life, spiritual achievements, and political life, are explained to them by their destinies. So, we need to attend his class.

It's strange in Berlin. During his tenure as a professor in Berlin, he published relatively less than before, even before entering the University of Berlin. "Principles of Philosophy of Law" was published in 1822, and a new version of "The Complete Book of Philosophy" was published in 1830. He spent his later years revising "Phenomenology of Spirit" but did not complete it.

The lectures on philosophy, aesthetic history philosophy, and religious philosophy were all published after his death, and he did not publish this book during his lifetime.

Let's first talk about his early theological ideas, because it is still important to understand Hegel's thoughts.

Hegel was attracted to Greek culture during his student years, and to you today, he is a Greek controller, which greatly influenced his attitude towards Christianity.