Peak 147 Vitality Demonstration

Kant's first virgin, in 1746, wrote "On the Correct Evaluation of Vitality". Although this paper discusses force, he raised a precise question from the most important scientists of the time, which was how to calculate force. The question he posed from the most important philosophy of the time was actually an explanation of our universal concept. If there is no problem with the universal concept, he believes that there are many differences among scientists on how to calculate force. Essentially, it indicates that there is a problem with our universal concept. Universal concept is a standard rational problem, and only for a rational person, or in terms of rationality, can there be a so-called universality.

So, the focus on rational issues became Kant's lifelong interest. In March 1755, he anonymously published "A General History of Nature and the Theory of Celestial Bodies". In this work, he abandoned philosophical thinking and relied entirely on nature to discuss the theory of the formation of the solar system and the universe. The most important part, especially the theory about Saturn's rings and nebulae, was later confirmed by scientific observations by astronomers.

This work holds a significant position in the general world. But Kant's mechanical explanation for the formation of the universe remained unknown until the mid-19th century when people discovered its significant importance to natural philosophy. Why did Kant anonymously publish it? Because at that time, although the power of the church was still strong in Germany after the Reformation, in terms of the creation of the universe, in religion, Christianity, regardless of Protestantism, is still the old religion. Ultimately, it is God who created the world.

You are now saying that the universe is naturally formed, which is certainly a taboo of the church. So, he used anonymity to protect himself. He was unlucky. After becoming a professor, he was given a small report during class, and some people said he had developed different thoughts from the Chinese church. As a result, he was not allowed to teach at that time, which meant he stopped his teaching career. Later, he wrote a very humble and kneeling letter, admitting his mistake, promising that he would not make mistakes again in the future, and repeatedly promising to be loyal to the church. Finally, he cleared his way and allowed him to resume work.

It was the reality in Germany at that time, and the church still exists today. When I went to study abroad at a university in the late 1980s, it was still like this. I know, there is a very famous philosopher in the West who is still alive today, called Tommy. His theological theory is very powerful. His main research field is theology. In recent years, he has been gathering people from all cultures around the world, whether you are Islam, Primitive Christianity, African animism, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Confucianism, Taoism, or Shintoism like Japan. No matter what country or religious background he can think of, he will find a few people who drafted this thing.

He believed that humans are not allowed to kill. He said that this principle exists in any religion. When we gather together, our system and people sit together, and we organize and write about it, we finally publish 'Global Ethics', which can also be found in libraries.

It's not him. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, you taught to what extent. He works at the Trinity College of Theology, but it should be noted that the seminaries are all Catholic seminaries. His professor's appointment comes from the Vatican. It's not that your university said that I would be hired by the HR department or the professor committee. No, it requires approval.

The seminary knows that actually Hegel, Schelling, and H ö lderlin are all alumni of the T ü bingen school, strictly speaking, not from the philosophy or theology departments. When I arrived at T ü bingen, as my teacher said, I first went to the seminary. The seminary was empty and there were not many people on top. It was all made of wooden boards, built in the 15th century, and now the wooden boards creak and creak. However, it is still a seminary now, with a white wall without any decoration and three black reliefs.

Schelling, Hegel, H ö lderlin, and their former classmate Kepler. The great astronomer Kepler, if you think about it, there are not many white walls and only four. Once, I asked me how many Nobel Prizes there were at Harvard University and Chicago, but who had dozens? When I asked how many there were at Trebingen, I said he didn't seem to have them, but he had Hegel. He didn't say a word, but in fact, having these four alumni was enough.

At that time, the British people did not want to be culturally insane. They said that if you kill me, where I will specially fry is the same as the Japanese, what is precious for you, what I will specially fry, you Japanese, and the relationship between China and Japan is not good. Tokyo Television came to interview me.

I am an antique conservative. He said that because of our current relationship between the two countries, as a professor, it is also very good that we can objectively understand what the Chinese people are thinking and enhance mutual understanding between the two countries. I agreed to his interview, and at the beginning of the interview, I was still unsure. You know that he is insidious. At that time, he said his first question: "We contacted you Chinese people and felt that you Chinese people, whether they are people of status or workers, need to face up. Your biggest life seems to me to ask. All of the ten people interviewed have a dream of being a boss.".

He said, it's not like that in Japan, being a gardener or anything doesn't matter. There's no such thing as that, you said in that

Of course there were, obviously there were highs and lows for you. Later on, I was also very calm. After all, I have to participate, and you should also acknowledge the harm you have caused us. War, even though humans always have wars, if you go to the Commercial Press and destroy those thousands of books that are impossible to have again within an hour. There is no military purpose. Why did you burn it?

And how do we treat you? When the Allies wanted to bomb Japan, Liang Sicheng provided dozens of targets, saying that they could not bomb. If human beings could not recover after the bombing, they should tell them about it. Later, they probably didn't tell them about it, because I didn't like what I said, but I still have a standing as a Chinese.

Although as a professor, I cannot say anything, I strongly dislike it. However, when it comes to speaking, it's not that we need to continue doing it, we need to reflect on our consciousness. This is because the Catholic Church has a Pope, the representative of God in the world. He speaks the words of gold and jade, which are God. He is infallible and absolutely just.

As a result, they worked hard to write a book, and the name was very conditional. The Pope is not wrong ", the command from Rome has come, people can no longer be professors and must be eliminated. But in the 1960s and 1970s, you were still so arrogant, but what should people do when they encounter such a situation? Indeed, the seminary is not under the jurisdiction of the school, but dismissing a professor requires the intervention of the university. What should we do?

Just like our Chinese people, people all over the world have such a wisdom. They have policies and countermeasures, and then let him retire early and then re hire. Both sides take care of face. We are dismissing him, but when he comes in again, the problem is that we are not living in such a powerful society of such a religion.

Kant's path towards critical philosophy began around the 1860s, during which he hardly published any works and instead engaged in prolonged and in-depth contemplation. The publication of "Critique of Pure Reason" in 1871 marked the birth of critical philosophy. Kant, who has philosophical historical significance, started from this matter. So, later on, Jaspers lamented that if Kant had died at the age of 50, we would no longer have Kantian philosophy.

It's a bit good, Kant said it before, and he is certainly one of the commendable Enlightenment philosophers. However, we remember him today or history remembers him because of his critical philosophy, which established his position in human thought.

That's all right. Kant's main works, in addition to our current three critiques, namely the Critique of Pure Reason, the Critique of Practical Reason, and the Critique of Judgment, should also include an introduction to future metaphysics, the foundation of Moral Metaphysics, Religion within the Limits of Simple Reason, Perpetual Peace, Moral Metaphysics, and Practical Anthropology.

If we need to first find a more understandable book by Kant, I recommend two books: Introduction to Future Metaphysics and Fundamentals of Moral Metaphysics.

These two works, as well as "Metaphysics of Morality", are relatively easy to understand, and the theory of perpetual peace can also be read. Although they may seem easy to understand on the surface, they actually have a lot of depth. He went to discuss a question, the evil of war, whether it is possible for humanity to ultimately disappear from human history, and he had a very deep reflection on the issue. We can also take a look.

Next, we will discuss the problems faced by Kant's critical philosophy, as due to the limitations of class time and class hours, we cannot discuss them during the pre critical period. At the beginning, let's first talk about the problems faced by Kant's critical philosophy, because I think any true philosopher would not say that he came to his head out of thin air. What I am going to do today is like sometimes we say that I am going to do something, what plan I am going to make to study, what he is going to answer, that is, he is the problem of the times, or the serious philosophical problems left in history and passed down to him.

Forcing him to take the path of critical philosophy. Kant's critical philosophy, I am still a viewpoint, is his long-term reflection on the philosophical crisis of enlightenment he faced. Only by starting from this point can we truly understand the significance of his critical philosophy. What is Kant's critique of philosophy?

I have already covered it in the first two classes. Rationality. Critical philosophy is essentially a critique of reason, as evidenced by the titles of the three major critiques. The crisis of enlightenment arose from his rational concepts. I think in the first two classes, I have already conducted a lot of analysis. The banner of enlightenment and the invincible weapon are rationality.

The concept of rationality harbors inherent contradictions and problems that cannot be resolved. The two rational concepts of enlightenment that we discussed earlier have each been generalized and pushed to extremes, resulting in an unacceptable consequence. That is, rational criticism and nature.